Scale effects in research refer to how changes in scale (size) can impact the outcomes of a study. This can occur in various fields of research, such as economics, ecology, and urban planning. For example, in ecology, the scale at which data is collected (such as at the level of an individual organism or at the level of an entire ecosystem) can greatly influence the patterns and relationships observed in the data. Understanding scale effects is important for ensuring the accuracy and generalizability of research findings.